Titanium — Structural brief

Where titanium is produced

China is the largest producer of titanium, at 34.2 percent of the output recorded across producing countries in 2025. It is followed by Mozambique at 20.3 percent, South Africa at 13.9 percent and Australia at 8.3 percent. The country figures sum to 9,370 thousand metric tons.^[1] Reserves are held principally by China (110,000 thousand metric tons), Canada (50,000 thousand metric tons), Norway (37,000 thousand metric tons)^[1].

How concentrated supply is

Measured by the Herfindahl-Hirschman index over production shares, titanium supply is moderately concentrated, with an index of 1,916. The top three producers hold 68.3 percent of output, and 2 producers together account for half of supply. An index below 1,500 is conventionally read as unconcentrated and above 2,500 as highly concentrated; the thresholds are the United States merger-review bands, used here as a published reference point rather than as a judgement about market conduct. The United States was 88 percent reliant on net imports for titanium mineral concentrates in 2025, with the principal import sources over 2021–24 being South Africa, Canada, Madagascar, Mozambique.^[2] The principal sources of United States imports over 2021–24 were South Africa (32 percent), Madagascar (16 percent) and Canada (13 percent)^[3].

Trade measures in force

The USGS compilation of export controls effective January 2026 records one measure bearing on titanium. Vietnam maintains an export ban covering Raw materials of iron, lead-zinc, chromite, manganese, apatite, and rare earths and deeply processed titanium (2012), as compiled by the USGS from official and reported sources effective January 2026.^[4] A control listed here removes the tonnage concerned from the international market by law, whatever the production table implies about availability.

Recent United States official notices

Federal Register documents naming titanium, most recent first. 2025-11-07: Final 2025 List of Critical Minerals. Critical minerals are essential for national security, economic stability, and supply chain resilience because they underpin key industries, drive technological innovation, and support critical infrastructure vital for a modern American economy. The United States is heavily reliant on imports of certain mineral commodities from foreign sources, some of which are at risk of serious, sustained, and long-term supply chain disruptions.^[5]