Rare earth elements — Exposure and concentration report
Adds trade-flow forensics from official customs statistics, a concentration score for every stage of the chain, policy and sanctions exposure by jurisdiction, and the substitution and recycling picture.
At a glance
- Largest producer
- China 69%
- USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026
- Top 3 producers
- 90%
- share of world output
- Concentration (HHI)
- 5,072
- highly concentrated
- Producing countries
- 13
- 1 supply half
- Export measures
- 4
- USGS compilation, Jan 2026
- US import reliance
- 67%
- net, 2025 (USGS)
Key findings
What the evidence shows
World production and the largest producer
The USGS puts world production at 390,000 metric tons. China is the largest producer with 69% of the total.
How concentrated supply is
The Herfindahl-Hirschman index over country shares is 5,072 (highly concentrated). The top three producers hold 90%; 1 country supplies half.
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See plansThe rest is in the full report
6 sections with numbered sources: Supply structure and processing chokepoints; Trade-flow forensics from official customs statistics; Concentration scoring by stage of the chain and more.
Full analysis and cited sources
Supply structure and processing chokepoints
China is the largest producer of rare earth elements, at 69.4 percent of the published world total in 2025[1]. It is followed by United States at 13.1 percent, Australia at 7.4 percent and Myanmar at 5.7 percent. The USGS puts world production at 390,000 metric tons; the sum of the country figures is 389,310 metric tons, the difference being rounding in the published total.[1] Reserves are held principally by China (44,000,000 metric tons), Brazil (21,000,000 metric tons), Australia (6,300,000 metric tons)[1].
The full report also opens these tools:
Change grade, recovery and costs to test a flowsheet.
Typical off-spec deductions for deleterious elements (As, Bi, Sb, etc.).
Model cargo financing, letters of credit and landed cost.
Primary overland rail, transshipment port pairs, and ocean freight routing.
What’s in the full report
6 sections · approximately 765 more words
- 01Supply structure and processing chokepoints
- 02Trade-flow forensics from official customs statistics
- 03Concentration scoring by stage of the chain
- 04Policy, sanctions and export-control exposure by jurisdiction
- 05Substitution, recycling and secondary supply
- 06What breaks first, and what it would cost
Executive Briefing & Strategic FAQ
Essential empirical supply-chain and geopolitical questions for market participants and intelligence analysts.
Which countries dominate global mining and refining for Rare Earth Elements?▼
Global Rare Earth Elements production is characterized by high geographical concentration in both raw extraction and chemical processing, as documented in MiningBridge's empirical supply-chain models.
What are the critical supply chain bottlenecks and geopolitical risks for Rare Earth Elements?▼
Key geopolitical and operational risks include export licensing constraints, high chemical conversion barriers, and long lead times for developing non-concentrated commercial refining capacity.
What are the primary commercial uses for Rare Earth Elements, and can it be substituted?▼
Rare Earth Elements is essential across energy transition, advanced electronics, and defense systems. While direct substitutes exist in select low-performance applications, replacing Rare Earth Elements in mission-critical hardware incurs significant metallurgical and cost trade-offs.